{"id":3409,"date":"2025-10-30T11:50:38","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T03:50:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qxymachinery.com\/?p=3409"},"modified":"2025-11-18T19:29:33","modified_gmt":"2025-11-18T11:29:33","slug":"how-to-improve-the-efficiency-and-sustainability-of-pcb-manufacturing-plants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qxymachinery.com\/vi\/how-to-improve-the-efficiency-and-sustainability-of-pcb-manufacturing-plants\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t PCB?"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\"How<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch in (PCB) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang mang nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p PCB \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e3 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t PCB v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ch in. H\u00e3y coi \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111ang nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch in \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c? V\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u? Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong x\u1eed l\u00fd \u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e0 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t PCB<\/b><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t PCB \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. V\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh xoay quanh vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. Quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u01b0\u1edbt\u2014bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1eafc, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch\u2014v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m th\u00f4 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y hi\u1ec7n nay qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 50 l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1edbi 50 micron. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i chi ti\u1ebft h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u 5G ho\u1eb7c chip AI m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong x\u1eed l\u00fd \u01b0\u1edbt<\/b><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Trong c\u00e1c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n \u01b0\u1edbt, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed n\u1eb1m ngang chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc axit h\u00f2a tan \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n, trong khi b\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 c\u00e1c hoa v\u0103n t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea3n quang. Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, ch\u00e0 r\u1eeda c\u1eb7n b\u1ea9n b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ebfng b\u1ecdt bi\u1ec3n th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi... c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn <\/u><\/a>Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c axit v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m\u2014nh\u01b0 nylon d\u00f9ng cho c\u1ecd v\u1ebd ho\u1eb7c m\u00fat x\u1ed1p polymer c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1edf v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00fat \u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 sau khi x\u1ea3. Lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd th\u1ed5i bay c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 trong l\u00f2 s\u1ea5y. Con l\u0103n v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe <\/u><\/a>C\u00e1c t\u1ea5m d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01a1n tru, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u1ea3 l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng. B\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c<\/u><\/a>\u00a0Gi\u1eef m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, bi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn bo m\u1ea1ch m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, n\u01a1i th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhanh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh \u01b0\u1edbt:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc quy tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\nN\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/td>\nL\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kh\u1eafc axit<\/td>\nLo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t<\/td>\nCho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t m\u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi 100 micron.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/td>\nTi\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/td>\nH\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i li\u00ean v\u00f9ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao (HDI)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p<\/td>\nLo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u1eb7n<\/td>\nT\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 20%.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S\u1ea5y kh\u00f4<\/td>\nLo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u01a1i \u1ea9m<\/td>\nT\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n; ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng dung sai m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh trong l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/b><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n gia c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbt, d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u00f2n ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c nhanh\u2014l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 30.000 linh ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh. M\u00e1y in kem h\u00e0n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra 3D, trong khi l\u00f2 nung ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m tra, t\u1eeb m\u00e1y qu\u00e9t quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i s\u1edbm. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 sau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 li\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf duy nh\u1ea5t x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c bo m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bo m\u1ea1ch lai linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 trong quy tr\u00ecnh gia c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbt, C\u00f4ng ty TNHH Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb M\u00e1y m\u00f3c Th\u00e2m Quy\u1ebfn Qixingyuan cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n cao.\u00a0con l\u0103n ch\u1ea3i<\/u><\/a>\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb s\u1ee3i nylon gi\u00fap lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf oxit m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5m h\u00fat.\u00a0con l\u0103n x\u1ed1p<\/u><\/a>\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u PVA, PP, EPDM ho\u1eb7c PU c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ea5p 8-10 l\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ea5m m\u1ed1c v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u2014 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y c\u00e2u v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi l\u00fac.<\/p>\n

X\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ng\u00e0y nay<\/b><\/strong><\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0; ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn. Ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf\u2014c\u00e1c l\u1edbp Gerber \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khoan v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 kh\u1eafc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c: m\u00e1y khoan t\u1ea1o l\u1ed7, m\u00e1y m\u1ea1 th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00e1n m\u00e0ng x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu<\/b><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o m\u1eabu th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 nh\u1eadp th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng quy tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thao t\u00e1c c\u1eaft n\u00e0o. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c l\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy tr\u00ecnh \u01b0\u1edbt nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch m\u1eabu. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch bo m\u1ea1ch b\u1ecb cong v\u00eanh d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, tinh ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a con l\u0103n ho\u1eb7c m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00fat x\u1ed1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1eb3ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m:<\/p>\n